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Collaborative Innovation and Appropriability in Start-ups: Evidence from the FinTech Sector
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Author: Ghassan Yacoub, Cass Business School, City U. London
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Appropriability is about knowledge protection and openness is about being open with knowledge, resulting in the paradox of openness. Through an inductive study of FinTech start-ups, we tackle this gap and unravel how these firms manage this paradox in exploring contingencies of openness. We posit that the relationship between openness and appropriability is contingent upon the start-up growth stage, the type of knowledge flow, and the type of external collaboration. Firstly, we go beyond the extant one-size fits-all approach to appropriability and found an orchestration of formal and informal appropriability, acting as inhibitor and/or facilitator of openness, which is contingent upon the start-up growth stage. Results also uncover four patterns of appropriability profiles that are driven by the degree of openness and the stage of development of the start-up. Secondly, we uncover a more granular trajectory of openness in start-ups. The degree of openness is nuanced by the type of external collaboration, either with market or institutional partners, along the various growth stages. We discuss implications for theory and practice.
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Search Terms: Open Innovation | Start-up | Appropriability
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Paper is No Longer Available Online: Please contact the author(s).
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The Double Selection Environment: How Crowds and Experts Select Ideas
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Author: Michela Beretta, Aarhus U.
Author: Lars Frederiksen, Aarhus U.
Author: Dirk Deichmann, Erasmus U. Rotterdam
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While experts constitute the traditional approach to evaluate and assess ideas for innovation, it is increasingly common for organizations also to involve crowds in decision-making. However, research is lacking on how both types of ‘audiences’ select ideas in potentially different ways. We examine which innovator and idea-related attributes are most important to which audience in influencing their selection of ideas. Based on data collected from an online ideation platform over the course of 11 months, we show that crowds and experts’ decision-making processes are driven by different mechanisms. We find that crowds, in contrast to experts, are more easily influenced in their decision- making by past success of an innovator and by how ideas are formulated (i.e., the complexity of the idea description). In contrast to crowds, we find that experts tend to favor more similar ideas. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Search Terms: Innovation | Idea evaluation and selection | Experts and crowds
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Paper is No Longer Available Online: Please contact the author(s).
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Knowledge Diversity in Crowdsourced New Product Development
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Author: Zhiyi Wang, National U. of Singapore
Author: Jungpil Hahn, National U. of Singapore
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Crowdsourcing has widely been used as a strategy for sourcing ideas and efforts to facilitate innovation and new product development. However, research into to the value creation of crowdsourcing and the efficacy of the crowd is still limited. In this study, we investigate a crowdsourced new product development context and apply the theoretical perspective of collective intelligence to understand the crowd co- creation process. Based on the theory of diversity about generalists vs. specialists, we examine the role of prior experience in affecting crowd performance. Our empirical analysis shows that participants with both diverse and specialized experience are helpful in enhancing crowd performance in terms of efficient product development. We also find participants with T-shaped experience in non-focal tasks may be beneficial. Contrary to other group contexts, generalists do not seem to be a valuable type in our study context. The findings provide insights for understanding collaboration and value co-creation in crowdsourcing communities.
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Search Terms: Crowdsourcing | New Product Development | Diversity
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Paper is No Longer Available Online: Please contact the author(s).
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The Impact of Competition on Knowledge Production in Online Communities
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Author: Abhishek Nagaraj, U. of California, Berkeley
Author: Henning Piezunka, INSEAD
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While online knowledge-production communities such as Wikipedia and Linux have proven to be successful, they often co-exist with commercial alternatives such as Encyclopedia Britannica or Microsoft Windows. Despite the prevalence of this phenomenon, we understand little about the impact of commercial competition on community-based knowledge production. We shed light on this question by investigating the impact of competition from Google Maps on OpenStreetMap, a digital crowd-mapping platform with over 3.2 million users. We exploit the differential timing of Google Maps’ entry in different countries to characterize how competition affects contribution activity. We find that (a) competition lowers contribution activity on OpenStreetMap, (b) has positive effects on contribution activity for veterans as compared to newcomers and (c) the negative effect of competition on contributions is mitigated in communities with strong leadership, distributed activity and loyal membership. Competition seems to be an important, yet overlooked, factor influencing contribution activity on community-based knowledge production platforms.
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Search Terms: online communities | open innovation
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Paper is No Longer Available Online: Please contact the author(s).
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